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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study sample from KORA S4 and comparison between participants who completed follow-up at FF4 and participants lost to follow-up

From: Cross-sectional and longitudinal association of seven DNAm-based predictors with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes

Baseline characteristics

Study sample from KORA S4 with baseline epigenetic measures

Overall

Followed up until FF4

Lost to follow-up

p value

N

1530

1085

445

–

Male, n (%)

756 (49.4)

540 (49.8)

216 (48.5)

0.703

Age, mean (SD), years

54.0 (8.9)

52.8 (8.7)

56.8 (8.8)

< 0.001*

HorvathAA difference, mean (SD), years

1.1 (4.9)

1.2 (4.8)

0.8 (5.2)

0.103

Positive HorvathAA difference, n (%)

907 (59.3)

659 (60.7)

248 (55.7)

0.080

HannumAA difference, mean (SD), years

4.6 (5.3)

4.6 (5.2)

4.6 (5.5)

0.845

Positive HannumAA difference, n (%)

1282 (83.8)

910 (83.9)

372 (83.6)

0.955

PhenoAA difference, mean (SD), years

 − 4.6 (6.6)

− 4.7 (6.4)

− 4.3 (6.9)

0.369

Positive PhenoAA difference, n (%)

341 (22.3)

237 (21.8)

104 (23.4)

0.559

GrimAA difference, mean (SD), years

1.8 (5.2)

1.7 (5.0)

2.1 (5.7)

0.095

Positive GrimAA difference, n (%)

910 (59.5)

654 (60.3)

256 (57.5)

0.349

Positive EEAA, n (%)

780 (51.0)

524 (48.3)

256 (57.5)

0.001*

Positive IEAA, n (%)

769 (50.3)

532 (49.0)

237 (53.3)

0.148

Mortality risk score, mean (SD), methylation β valuea

− 2.7 (0.5)

− 2.7 (0.4)

− 2.6 (0.5)

< 0.001*

Mortality risk score risk level, n (%)a

    

 Low

554 (36.2)

426 (39.3)

128 (28.8)

< 0.001*

 Moderate

836 (54.6)

574 (52.9)

262 (58.9)

 High

98 (6.4)

51 (4.7)

47 (10.6)

BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2a

27.7 (4.5)

27.4 (4.3)

28.5 (4.8)

< 0.001*

Alcohol consumption, median (IQR), g/daya

8.4 (0.9–25.7)

8.6 (2.9–25.7)

5.7 (0.0–25.7)

0.012*

Hypertension, n (%)a

642 (42.0)

424 (39.1)

218 (49.0)

0.002*

Physical activity, n (%)a

   

< 0.001*

 Inactive

772 (50.5)

501 (46.2)

271 (60.9)

 Active

750 (49.0)

579 (53.4)

171 (38.4)

Smoking status, n (%)a

   

0.125

 Never

649 (42.4)

463 (42.7)

186 (41.8)

 Former

568 (37.1)

416 (38.3)

152 (34.2)

 Current

311 (20.3)

205 (18.9)

106 (23.8)

Diabetes, n (%)

    

 Type 2

110 (7.2)

57 (5.3)

53 (11.9)

< 0.001*

 No diabetes

1417 (92.6)

1025 (94.5)

392 (88.1)

 Other diabetes types

3 (0.2)

3 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

MetS baseline measurement

Sample subset of participants aged ≥ 55 years at S4b

Overall

Followed up until FF4

Lost to follow-up at FF4

p value

N

745

468

277

–

MetS, n (%)c

368 (49.4)

214 (45.7)

154 (55.6)

0.002*

MetS score, median (IQR)c

2.0 (1.0 – 3.0)

2.0 (1.0 – 3.0)

3.0 (2.0–3.0)

0.011*

Number of MetS component(s), n (%)c

   

0.008*

 0 component, n (%)

39 (5.2)

27 (5.8)

12 (4.3)

 1 component, n (%)

138 (18.5)

98 (20.9)

40 (14.4)

 2 components, n (%)

157 (21.1)

107 (22.9)

50 (18.1)

 3 components, n (%)

195 (26.2)

115 (24.6)

80 (28.9)

 4 components, n (%)

96 (12.9)

62 (13.2)

34 (12.3)

 5 components, n (%)

35 (4.7)

17 (3.6)

18 (6.5)

  1. For continuous variables, p-value for equality between groups was determined by Student’s t-test (normal), by Mann–Whitney U test (nonnormal). For categorical variables, p-value for equality between groups was determined by chi-square test of independence. Any differences from 100% in the sum of percentage per category reflect missing values
  2. SD, standard deviation; AA, age acceleration; EEAA, extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration; IEAA, intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration; IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; MetS, metabolic syndrome
  3. *Statistically significant at p < 0.05
  4. aNumber of missing value(s) in the overall sample: 42 in MRS and risk level, 2 in BMI, 8 in alcohol consumption, 8 in hypertension, 8 in physical activity, and 2 in smoking
  5. bAt S4, MetS was only measured in participants who were aged 55 years and above
  6. cNumber of missing value(s) in the subsample aged ≥ 55 years: 37 in MetS, and 85 in MetS score and number of MetS component(s)
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Clinical Epigenetics

ISSN: 1868-7083

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