Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population

Age (years)

48.3 ± 11.2

42.0 ± 12.9

51.8 ± 9.5

52.7 ± 7.3

0.01^X

Race

–

–

–

–

0.61

White

28 (71.1)

12 (75.0)

3 (50.0)

13 (75.0)

Black

9 (21.1)

3 (18.8)

2 (33.3)

4 (18.8)

Asian

2 (5.3)

0 (0.0)

1 (16.7)

1 (8.3)

 > 1 race

1 (2.6)

1 (8.3)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Diabetes duration (years)

–

–

–

12.6 ± 8.2

Fathered children

20 (50)

6 (30)

2 (10)

12 (60)

1.00

Fasting glucose (mg/dl) ^a

116 ± 44.8

98.1 ± 5.7

97.0 ± 6.4

137.7 ± 56.6

0.01^X

HbA1c (%)

6.4 ± 1.4

5.2 ± 0.3

5.9 ± 0.1

7.7 ± 1.1

1.84e−10^X,Y

Fructosamine (umol/L)

274.8 ± 77.9

239.6 ± 21.4

259.8 ± 69.3

311.1 ± 97.4

0.02^X

BMI (kg/m²)

32.6 ± 6.2

32.8 ± 6.0

31.0 ± 6.8

33.0 ± 6.5

0.80

Waist circumference (cm)

109 ± 16

110 ± 15

104 ± 19

110 ± 17

0.77

Fat Mass (kg)

34.3 ± 19.9

33.1 ± 13.8

31.4 ± 23.4

36.4 ± 24.0

0.83

Fat %

30.4 ± 7.7

30.71 ± 7.79

30.3 ± 11.1

30.1 ± 6.7

0.98

Fat-free mass (kg)

73.8 ± 18.0

74.1 ± 14.8

76.9 ± 33.0

72.5 ± 14.9

0.88

Insulin (μIU/mL)^a

13.1 ± 11.7

12.1 ± 8.4

8.8 ± 8.3

16.2 ± 15.9

0.12

Adiponectin (mcg/ml)

6.7 ± 3.2

8.4 ± 3.4

6.2 ± 1.2

5.2 ± 2.7

0.01^X

Leptin (ng/ml)

7.5 ± 10.0

10.6 ± 14.4

7.3 ± 8.89

4.7 ± 2.6

0.23

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

173.1 ± 44.5

194.7 ± 39.3

193.0 ± 32.9

147.3 ± 39.7

0.002^X,Y

LDL-C (mg/dl)

96.1 ± 38.8

110.6 ± 30.7

127.8 ± 29.4

73.4 ± 35.3

0.0008^X,Y

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

157.0 ± 188.0

171.8 ± 284.2

98.0 ± 22.8

163.5 ± 90.7

0.71

Diabetes medication use, N

Metformin (17)

GLP1RA (10)

SGLT2i (5)

Sulfonylurea (5)

Insulin (8)

Statin use, N

14

2

0

12