Fig. 3

Robust Mendelian randomization (MR) estimates the causal relationship between tobacco and alcohol consumption and ECG indices. A Forest plot of causal results assessed by applying robust MR methods. B Radial MR plots showing ratio estimates for each genetic variant as well as overall MR estimates, and variant outliers that affect causal estimates. PWD, P-wave duration; AUD, alcohol use disorders; PAU, problematic alcohol use; DrnkWk, drinks per week; SmkInit, smoking initiation; PWM, penalized weighted median; radial IVW, radial inverse variance weighted; β, effect sizes; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval. Radial Egger corrected represents outlier(s)-corrected analyses