Fig. 4

Forest map of gene expression and SMR analysis results of cardiac structure–function. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; P-adj-SMR: The FDR-corrected p value in SMR analysis, where SMR analysis refers to summary data-based Mendelian randomization, utilizing summary-level data from GWAS and quantitative trait loci (QTL) studies to test for pleiotropic associations between gene expression levels and the complex traits of interest. FDR correction stands for false discovery rate correction, which is the expected proportion of falsely rejected (i.e., rejecting the true null hypothesis) null hypotheses among all the rejected null hypotheses. This correction is performed using the R programming language