Fig. 4

A diagram representing the molecular pathways of the 17 biomarkers’ associated genes. This figure represents the functions of genes in the cellular component and was drawn by the authors. The genes highlighed in blue represent genes identified as hypomethylation biomarkers in our study, while those in red denote genes identified as hypermethylation biomarkers. A A chart illustrating the pathways of 8 genes related to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis. The functions related to mitochondria and apoptosis are schematically illustrated, with major functions represented by star-shaped speech bubbles. ROS = Reactive Oxygen Species; OXPHOS = Oxidative Phosphorylation; B A diagram depicting the pathways of 5 genes associated with serotonin/GABA neurotransmitter signaling and depressive/anxious behavior. The figure illustrates the serotonin/GABA-related pathway within nerve cells, depicting the transport of serotonin/GABA receptors from the endoplasmic reticulum exit site and the transmission of neurotransmitters