Table 2 Impact of probiotic administration on HF in animal models and human subjects

Lam et al. [44]

Rat

Coronary artery ligation

Lactobacillus plantarum 299v

↓ cardiac infarct size;

↑ left ventricular function

Gan et al. [45]

Rat

Coronary artery ligation

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1

↓ left ventricular hypertrophy;

↑ hemodynamic parameters

Zhong et al.

[46]

Rat

Coronary artery ligation

Lactobacillus johnsonii

↓ left ventricular hypertrophy;

↑ hemodynamic parameters;

Remodeling of GM

Li et al.

[47]

Mouse

Coronary artery ligation

Lactobacillus vaginalis

↓ cardiac infarct size;

↑ cardiac function

Zhang et al

[48]

Mouse

Coronary artery ligation

Bifidobacterium infantis or its metabolite inosine

↓ cardiac infarct size;

↑ cardiac function

Wang et al

[49]

Mouse

Coronary artery ligation

Lactobacillus reuteri or its metabolite GABA

↓ cardiac infarct size and macrophage‐mediated cardiac inflammation;

↑ cardiac function

Silva-Cutini et al.

[50]

Rat

Spontaneously hypertensive rats

kefir

↓ cardiac hypertrophy;

↑ cardiac function, hemodynamic parameters, cardiac contractility

Moludi et al

[51]

Human

Myocardial infarction

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

↓ inflammatory biomarkers;

↑ echocardiographic indices

Costanza et al

[52]

Human

Chronic HF

Saccharomyces boulardii

↓ inflammatory biomarkers;

↑ echocardiographic indices

Awoyemi et al

[53]

Human

Chronic HF

Saccharomyces boulardii

No clinical effect