Fig. 4

Age interaction and fixed effect estimates of the effect of biological sex (A) and birthweight (B) on EA over time. Included were two within-person measures (age 7 and 15 or 17) from the ARIES cohort [15]. Rows contain effect size point estimates as well as 95% confidence intervals derived from different models and time variables included in those models, respectively. Effect estimates are based on individuals assigned female at birth as reference. Significant estimates are marked in red (p < 0.05). Models are linear mixed effect models (LME), generalized estimating equations (GEE), and regression on difference between two epigenetic age (EA) measures (Δ aging). Time variables are chronological age (Age), years between measures (Years), number of measure (Timepoint, i.e., 1, 2), and factorized measure (Timefactor, i.e., F07, F15). Models contained EA measures derived from the Horvath clock [3]. All models were corrected for cell-type proportion, while models estimating the effect of birthweight additionally account for biological sex