Table 2 Epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) and pace of biological aging at age 12 years across covariates among children from the HOME study (2003–2006), N = 183
Covariates | Mean EAA at age 12 years (SD) | DunedinPACEa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ageAccelWua | ageAccel Hannuma | ageAccel skinHorvatha | |||
Overall |  | − 0.01 (1.09) | 0.02 (3.90) | 0.05 (3.59) | 0.87 (0.08) |
Child sex | |||||
 Female | 98 (53.6%) | − 0.01 (1.08) | − 0.11 (4.15) | 0.16 (3.71) | 0.86 (0.09) |
 Male | 85 (46.4%) | 0 (1.11) | 0.17 (3.61) | − 0.07 (3.47) | 0.88 (0.08) |
Child race | |||||
 Non-hispanic white | 100 (54.6%) | 0.10 (1.19) | 0.17 (4.18) | 0.06 (3.83) | 0.84 (0.07) |
 Non-hispanic black | 71 (38.8%) | − 0.19 (0.98) | − 0.24 (3.71) | 0.09 (3.46) | 0.90 (0.09) |
 Otherb | 12 (6.6%) | 0.16 (0.76) | 0.32 (2.48) | − 0.18 (2.27) | 0.90 (0.07) |
Maternal age at delivery (years) | |||||
 18–25 | 48 (26.2%) | 0.06 (0.96) | 0.07 (3.79) | 0.59 (3.78) | 0.87 (0.10) |
 > 25–35 | 109 (59.6%) | 0.01 (1.18) | 0.09 (4.08) | − 0.01 (3.68) | 0.86 (0.08) |
 > 35 | 26 (14.2%) | − 0.22 (0.92) | − 0.36 (3.41) | − 0.69 (2.7) | 0.87 (0.08) |
Annual household income | |||||
 < $20,000 | 46 (25.1%) | − 0.16 (0.98) | − 0.10 (3.38) | 0.10 (3.54) | 0.90 (0.10) |
 $20,000–40,000 | 30 (16.4%) | 0.13 (1.20) | − 0.22 (4.31) | 0.44 (4.59) | 0.86 (0.08) |
 $40,000–80,000 | 59 (32.2%) | − 0.06 (1.06) | 0.05 (4.07) | − 0.24 (3.01) | 0.86 (0.07) |
 > $80,000 | 48 (26.2%) | 0.12 (1.17) | 0.25 (3.99) | 0.13 (3.69) | 0.84 (0.07) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
 < 25 | 76 (41.5%) | 0.11 (1.04) | 0.07 (3.73) | 0.16 (3.66) | 0.85 (0.08) |
 ≥ 25–30 | 62 (33.9%) | − 0.02 (1.27) | 0.26 (4.38) | 0.24 (3.98) | 0.86 (0.08) |
 ≥ 30 | 45 (24.6%) | − 0.18 (0.90) | − 0.40 (3.53) | − 0.37 (2.88) | 0.89 (0.09) |
Gestational serum cotinine (ng/mL) | |||||
 < 0.015 (unexposed)c | 52 (28.4%) | − 0.06 (1.05) | − 0.25 (3.95) | − 0.39 (3.14) | 0.85 (0.07) |
 0.015–3 (secondhand) | 112 (61.2%) | 0.03 (1.11) | 0.07 (3.91) | 0.15 (3.59) | 0.86 (0.09) |
 > 3 (active smoking) | 19 (10.4%) | − 0.05 (1.16) | 0.48 (3.87) | 0.69 (4.71) | 0.91 (0.10) |