Table 1 Baseline sociodemographic characteristics of the study population

Age, years (mean ± SD)

56.3 ± 7.3

56.6 ± 7.3

55.9 ± 7.1

55.8 ± 7.1

56.9 ± 7.1

5-year mean road traffic noise at baseline, median (5–95%)

54.2 (40.4–67.4)

54.7 (41.0–67.5)

54.0 (40.0–66.9)

54.2 (40.3–66.9)

54.1 (38.6–68.1)

Parity, %

 Nulliparous

13.9

12.7

15.1

14.9

16.3

 Parous

86.1

87.3

84.9

85.1

83.7

Age at first birth

24.8 ± 4.6

24.6 ± 4.4

25.0 ± 4.7

24.9 ± 4.5

25.6 ± 6.2

Menopause, %

 Still menstruating

30.2

28.8

31.5

32.4

25.6

 Menopausal

67.2

68.8

65.7

65.1

69.8

 Unknown

2.6

2.4

2.8

2.5

4.7

Educational level, %

 Low

67.2

69.2

65.4

65.1

67.4

 Medium

15.9

16.4

15.4

15.3

16.3

 High

16.9

14.4

19.2

19.6

16.3

Civil status, %

 Single/divorced/ widow(er)

37.0

40.7

33.6

32.4

41.9

 Married/cohabiting

63.0

59.3

66.4

67.6

58.1

Occupational status (%)

 Gainfully employed

68.9

66.8

70.8

71.3

67.4

 Unemployed

7.5

8.2

6.9

6.9

7.0

 Retired

23.6

25.0

22.3

21.8

25.6

Physical activity, %

 Low

50.8

48.3

53.1

52.0

65.1

 Medium

21.9

24.0

20.1

19.6

23.3

 High

26.3

26.7

26.8

28.4

11.6

Inconvenient working hours/shiftwork, %

 Yes

23.8

26.7

21.1

22.2

14.3

 No

75.1

71.9

78.0

77.8

85.7

BMI (kg/m²), mean ± SD

25.3 ± 3.9

25.1 ± 3.9

25.4 ± 4.0

25.5 ± 4.0

24.7 ± 3.8

Waist circumference (cm), mean ± SD

77.4 ± 10.2

77.1 ± 10.0

77.6 ± 10.4

77.9 ± 10.6

76.3 ± 8.8

Smoking, %

 Current

25.1

31.2

19.5

20.7

11.6

 Former

29.5

23.6

34.9

34.9

34.9

 Never

45.4

45.2

45.6

44.4

53.5

Smoking intensity (g/day)^b, mean ± SD

12.1 ± 6.7

11.4 ± 5.9

13.1 ± 7.6

12.9 ± 7.5

14.8 ± 9.6

Alcohol intake (g/day)^b, mean ± SD

10.7 ± 9.6

10.8 ± 9.6

10.6 ± 9.7

10.8 ± 9.9

9.1 ± 8.2

PM_2.5 (µg/m³)^c, mean ± SD

9.8 ± 2.4

9.8 ± 2.4

9.7 ± 2.4

9.8 ± 2.3

9.5 ± 3.3

NO_x (µg/m³)^c, mean ± SD

36.2 ± 13.6

36.6 ± 13.3

35.8 ± 13.9

35.4 ± 13.1

38.8 ± 18.2