Fig. 1

Causal effects of CVH factors on GrimEAA in EUR. For the plot in the left panel, the numbers shown around the blue bars are the causal effect sizes. The number of SNPs between the two-panel plots represents the number of IVs. For the plot in the right panel, red boxes indicate significant causal effects (p-value < 0.05 & FDR q-value < 0.05). Blue boxes indicate suggestive causal effects (p-value < 0.05 & FDR q-value ≥ 0.05). Gray boxes indicate insignificant causal effects (p-value ≥ 0.05). The dark gray box indicates insufficient IVs for the MR analysis. The box numbers represent the causal effect sizes achieving significant or suggestive associations